

Episode:
57

Soviet F-1 Pile
Country:
USSR/Russia
Years of Operation:
1946-present
Category:
Research & Experimental
Reactor Type:
Coolant:
None (Air Cooled)
Fuel Type:
Natural Uranium Metal
Moderator:
Graphite
Thermal Power (MWth):
0.001
Electrical Power (MWe):
0.001
Status:
Research & Experimental
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timeline
First Criticality Year
1946
Commercial Op Year
Shutdown Year

Lessons Learned
sources

ARTICLE

On December 25, 1946, Soviet scientists did something bold, quiet, and slightly nerve-wracking: they brought the F-1 Nuclear Reactor to criticality beneath Moscow. No press. No countdown.
Just a graphite pile, cadmium rods, and a lot of very serious faces underground.
That moment made F-1 the first nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union—and, inconveniently for Western timelines, the first nuclear reactor in Europe.
Built at what was then Laboratory No. 2 (now the Kurchatov Institute), construction began in November 1946 and proceeded at wartime speed. The core consisted of roughly 400 tons of
graphite and 50 tons of natural uranium, stacked by hand, layer by layer, until the geometry looked… encouraging.
The approach to criticality was about as analog as nuclear engineering gets. Cadmium control rods were withdrawn manually, 10-20 centimeters at a time, because nobody knew exactly when the reactor would go critical. This was not “simulation-informed engineering.” This was watch the instruments, trust your
physics and hope the reactor doesn’t blow up.”
Igor Kurchatov himself sat at the control panel and ordered nearly everyone out of the basement, leaving only the essential rod operators behind. Early reactor physics followed a simple rule: fewer people in the room means fewer casualties if the math was wrong.
Here’s a detail that tends to surprise people: to verify the actual position of the control rods, the operators relied on a periscope—yes, the same kind used in submarines. From the control
panel, they literally looked through a periscope to confirm that the cadmium rods were moving as intended. If that sounds improvised, that’s because well….it was. But it worked.
And yes, there was an axe present. Seriously – no kidding.
Not for drama—just a last-ditch safety system. Just like at CP-1 in Chicago. Cut the rope, let gravity drop the rods, shut the reactor down. It was never used, but in the 1940s, axes were apparently a popular reactor control technique.
Technically, F-1 was a graphite-moderated, air-cooled research reactor, operating from watts up to roughly 1 MW thermal.
It was never meant to generate power—only knowledge. And it delivered both.
Remarkably, F-1 operated for decades, serving as a research and training reactor until 2016,
when it was finally shut down. This likely makes F-1 the longest operating reactor in history, largely on its original fuel.

SLIDE DECK


